Hammertoes are a common deformity that affects the middle joint of the toe, causing it to bend downward and become stiff or painful over time. At Hampton Roads Foot and Ankle Specialists in Williamsburg and Hampton, VA, Dr. Sara Bouraee, Dr. Sonya Wali, Dr. Carl Belock, and Dr. Meng Liu evaluate the underlying reasons this condition develops and help patients understand what contributes to changes in toe alignment.

Structural and Mechanical Causes

Hammertoes often develop because of imbalances in the muscles and tendons that guide normal toe movement. When certain muscles tighten or weaken, the affected toe may gradually bend and eventually remain in a fixed, flexed position. Foot structure also plays a significant role. Individuals with very flat feet, high arches, or unstable foot mechanics are more likely to place extra pressure on their toes, increasing the risk of hammertoe deformities. These changes usually progress slowly. Early symptoms may be mild, but discomfort commonly increases over time and is a frequent reason people seek care.

Footwear Choices That Increase Risk

Shoes that squeeze the toes together can create continuous pressure on the joints, making hammertoes more likely to form. High-heeled footwear pushes body weight toward the front of the foot, adding additional strain to the toes. Narrow or tight shoes force the toes into a bent position, and over time, this pressure can shorten the tendons, causing the toes to remain flexed even when barefoot. Even in early stages, ill-fitting shoes may irritate the skin on top of the toe, leading to redness, calluses, and increasing discomfort.

Medical Conditions That Contribute

Certain health conditions raise the likelihood of developing hammertoes. Arthritis can affect joint movement and cause inflammation that changes how the toe bends. Previous foot injuries may alter tendon balance, making deformity more likely. Neuromuscular conditions that weaken the small muscles of the foot can also contribute. Genetics influences risk as well, since foot shape and tendon structure often run in families.

Lifestyle Factors and Daily Habits

Activities that place repeated strain on the toes, such as long hours on the feet, certain sports, or frequent pressure from uneven surfaces, can speed the development of hammertoes. Aging may also play a role, as flexibility decreases and joint stiffness becomes more common. Addressing early symptoms helps slow progression and reduces discomfort during daily activities.

Expert Evaluation and Support

Understanding the cause of hammertoes is the first step toward effective treatment. At Hampton Roads Foot and Ankle Specialists in Williamsburg and Hampton, VA, Dr. Sara Bouraee, Dr. Sonya Wali, Dr. Carl Belock, and Dr. Meng Liu provide personalized evaluations to determine the factors contributing to each patient’s symptoms and offer guidance to prevent worsening deformity.

To schedule a visit, call our Hampton office at (757) 224-7605 or our Williamsburg office at (757) 220-3311. Our team is here to help you maintain comfort, mobility, and long-term foot health.